Emerging and Re-emerging Potato Diseases in the Andes

Outbreaks of a new mating type (A2) of late blight (Phythopthora infestans) and the spread of bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) were the most notable events among fungi and bacteria during the last 10 to 15 years in the Andes. The emergence of the A2 mating type of P. infestans was probably a result of seed movement from the Northern hemisphere. Black scurf caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani spread in Peru and Bolivia causing economic losses estimated at 5 to 10%. A high incidence of common scab on potato tubers, caused by the bacteria Streptomyces scabies was found in some localities in Bolivia. Among the emerging viruses, the NTN strains of PVY have been found in some countries including Peru. Recently, two other viruses have been found spreading in potatoes. One is coded SB26/29 and is transmitted by Russelliana solanicola, the first psyllid vector found for a plant virus. The other emerging virus is coded SB41 and is apparently also new to potatoes. It causes a severe mosaic on the affected plants and the virus is transmitted experimentally only by grafting. Some other viruses of minor importance have also been detected in potatoes.     

Detection and diversity of viruses infecting African yam (Dioscorea rotundata) in a collection and F1 progenies in Côte d'Ivoire shed light to plant-to-plant viral transmission

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is a major staple food whose production is hampered by viral diseases. However, the prevalence, diversity, transmission, and impact of yam-infecting viruses remain poorly documented. This study reports on the symptomatology, prevalence, and molecular diversity of eight viruses in 38 D. rotundata accessions from a germplasm collection and 206 F₁ hybrid progenies maintained in Côte d'Ivoire. Mean severity scores as assessed from leaf symptoms ranged from 2 to 4 in the germplasm collection and from 1 to 3 in F₁ hybrids, respectively. Dioscorea mosaic-associated virus (DMaV), potexviruses, and yam mosaic virus (YMV) were detected by PCR-based diagnosis tools in single and mixed infections in both the D. rotundata collection and F₁ progenies, whereas badnaviruses were detected only in the germplasm collection. In contrast, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), yam macluraviruses, yam asymptomatic virus 1 (YaV1), and yam mild mosaic virus (YMMV) could not be detected. No correlation could be established between severity scores and indexing results. Phylogenetic analysis performed on partial viral sequences amplified from infected samples unveiled the presence of two putative novel viral species belonging to genera Badnavirus and Potexvirus and provided evidence for plant-to-plant transmission of YMV, DMaV, and yam potexviruses.     

利用小RNA测序技术鉴定吉林省甘薯病毒

在吉林省7个主要甘薯种植区共采集85份甘薯叶片样品,利用小RNA深度测序技术对混合样品进行检测,经RT-PCR和测序验证,鉴定出样品中存在10种病毒,包括6种RNA病毒和4种DNA病毒。分别是马铃薯Y病毒科马铃薯Y病毒属的甘薯羽状斑驳病毒Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV)、甘薯潜隐病毒Sweet potato latent virus (SPLV)、甘薯G病毒Sweet potato virus G (SPVG)、甘薯C病毒Sweet potato virus C (SPVC)、甘薯2号病毒Sweet potato virus 2 (SPV2);长线形病毒科毛形病毒属的甘薯褪绿矮化病毒Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV);双生病毒科菜豆金色花叶病毒属的甘薯曲叶病毒Sweet potato leaf curl virus(SPLCV);玉米线条病毒属的甘薯无症状1号病毒Sweet potato symptomless virus 1 (SPSMV1);花椰菜花叶病毒科杆状DNA病毒属的甘薯杆状DNA病毒B Sweet potato badnavirus B (SPBV-B)和甘薯隐症病毒Sweet potato pakakuy virus (SPPV)。     

商品肉鸭免疫抑制病病原体共感染情况调查

从山东省不同地区采集病、死肉鸭397份以及临床健康肉鸭200份,用特异性核酸探针对样品进行H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(H9N2 AIV)、禽偏肺病毒(aMPV)、呼肠孤病毒(DRV)、鸭圆环病毒(DuCV)、传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)、禽网状内皮组织增生症病毒(REV)的检测.结果,自然发病肉鸭中H9N2 AIV、aMPV、DRV、REV、DuCV、IBDV检出率分别为57.43％、51.39％、38.54％、39.55％、29.47％、10.58％,且存在多重感染现象,二重和三重感染率分别为26.20％、18.89％,以aMPV和H9N2 AIV、REV和DuCV检出率较高;而临床健康肉鸭群中H9N2 AIV、aMPV、DRV、REV、DuCV、IBDV检出率均分别为7.00％、19.5％、15.5％、10.5％、24.00％、9.00％,呈阴性的和单一感染的样品分别占40.00％和28.00％;共感染率为32.00％,且主要是二重感染.上述结果表明,商品肉鸭群中普遍存在免疫抑制病痛原体共感染的现象,这成为目前肉鸭发病和生长缓慢的重要流行病学因素之一.     

用小RNA深度测序鉴定广西冬种马铃薯病毒

【目的】对广西冬种马铃薯病毒进行鉴定,为无病毒种薯选择和大田防治提供依据。【方法】2012年在马铃薯主要产区采集具有明显病毒病症状的样品,在血清学ELISA检测的基础上,进一步用小RNA深度测序对按症状分类的样品进行混合样本的病毒种类鉴定,再用RT-PCR方法对分组混合样本进行验证。【结果】在109个样本中检测到马铃薯卷叶病毒（Potato leafroll virus,PLRV）、马铃薯A病毒（Potato virus A,PVA）、马铃薯H病毒（Potato virus H,PVH）、马铃薯M病毒（Potato virus M,PVM）、马铃薯S病毒（Potato virus S,PVS）、马铃薯Y病毒（Potato virus Y,PVY）和马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒（Potato spindle tuber viroid,PSTVd）,同时发现PVS有丰富的株系分化。【结论】近年广西冬种马铃薯病毒种类增多,病症多样,亟需加强种薯管理,培育无毒健康种薯。     

Insect pests and their management in yam production and storage: a world review

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is a tropical tuber crop produced for food and medicinal purposes. Yams are infested by a broad taxonomic diversity of insect pests. We reviewed a total of 73 insect species associated with Dioscorea species in different parts of the world. Yam is infested by 48 species when the crop is in the field, and after harvest (i.e. in storage) the tubers are attacked by 27 species. The majority of these insects belong to the order Coleoptera (35 species) followed by the orders Hemiptera (15), Lepidoptera (13), Isoptera (5), Hymenoptera (2), Diptera (1), and Thysanoptera (1). Yam scales, mealybugs, and a few beetles cause significant losses to tubers both in the field and in storage. We review various methods of management for these insect pests. An integrated approach towards managing these pests, both in the field and in storage, is essential. Post-harvest losses in storage of yam can be reduced, partly, by using biocontrol agents for mealybugs and scales. Alternative strategies for the management of insect pests of tubers in storage are discussed.     

检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒和猪圆环病毒的二重荧光LAMP方法的建立

建立一种二重荧光LAMP的检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)和猪圆环病毒(PCV)的快速诊断技术。根据已发表的PRRSV NSP2基因和PCV2 ORF2基因序列保守区域,分别设计并合成了两组针对PRRSV和PCV2序列的特异性引物和两条探针,两条探针分别标记不同的荧光基团,PRRSV-Probe 5’端标记FAM荧光基团,3’端标记BHQ1淬灭基团,PCV-Probe 5’端标记CY5.5荧光基团,3’端标记BHQ2淬灭基团。对组成反应体系中的引物、探针以及反应试剂进行优化,建立了二重荧光LAMP检测PRRSV和PCV2方法。对建立的方法进行特异性和敏感性测试,并用模拟混合样品和临床样品进行检测验证。结果显示,本研究建立的方法可以鉴别区分PRRSV和PCV2,特异性试验表明该方法只检测出PRRSV或PCV2,且与参试的对照病毒无交叉反应,特异性好。敏感性测试表明该方法最低检测PRRSV或PCV为100拷贝,敏感性好。对临床样品的检测,结果与荧光定量PCR方法检测结果一致。本研究建立的PRRSV和PCV2二重荧光LAMP检测方法,具有良好的特异性和敏感性,可用于临床样品中检测PRRSV和PCV2。     

Effects of Protein Level and Feeding Frequency on Growth and on Body Composition of Third-Year Channel Catfish Cultured in Ponds

Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, adults were stocked at 3,705 fish/ha in twelve 0.04-ha earthen ponds and fed to satiation either once or twice daily with diets containing either 32 or 38% protein for 170 days. Experimental diets with the appropriate levels of essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals were formulated by a commercial feed mill. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in growth and body composition of channel catfish when analyzed by protein level, feeding frequency, or their interaction. Average individual fish weight at harvest was 1,600 g. Average net production was 3,125 kg/ha. Dry-weight percentages of protein, fat, and ash in the carcass were 55.5, 38.1, and 6.7%, respectively, and in the waste (head, skin, and viscera) were 40.5, 43.2. and 12.5%. respectively. Third-year channel catfish may be able to utilize a diet with lower (<32%) protein levels and a reduced energy: protein ratio.     

上海崇明水仙病毒病病原种类鉴定

 2005~2007年对上海崇明水仙病毒病的种类进行了调查和鉴定。崇明水仙病毒病田间主要表现为花叶、斑驳、黄条和白条等多种症状,以花叶和斑驳为主。采用ELISA和RT-PCR方法,从36个水仙样本上检测到水仙普通潜隐病毒(NCLV)(GenBank登录号:EU200454)、水仙退化病毒(NDV)(GenBank登录号:EU200456);此外,有两类分离物被初步鉴定为新病毒,暂命名为水仙斑驳相关病毒(NMaV)(GenBank登录号:EU182651)和水仙白条相关病毒(NWSaV)(GenBank登录号:EU182652)。4类病毒的总检出率分别为11.1%、13.9%、100%和2.8%,其中NMaV为危害水仙的优势病毒。约20%的样本检测出有2种以上病毒的复合侵染,但是未检测出Potexvirus属的病毒。